Category Archives: Books

Books

The Feminine Symptom: Aleatory Matter in the Aristotelian Cosmos

Emanuela Bianchi

The Feminine Symptom takes as its starting point the problem of female offspring for Aristotle: If form is transmitted by the male and the female provides only matter, how is a female child produced? Aristotle answers that there must be some fault or misstep in the process.

This inexplicable but necessary coincidence–sumptoma in Greek–defines the feminine symptom. Departing from the standard associations of male-activity-form and female-passivity-matter, Bianchi traces the operation of chance and spontaneity throughout Aristotle’s biology, physics, cosmology, and metaphysics and argues that it is not passive but aleatory matter–unpredictable, ungovernable, and acting against nature and teleology–that he continually allies with the feminine.

Aristotle’s pervasive disparagement of the female as a mild form of monstrosity thus works to shore up his polemic against the aleatory and to consolidate patriarchal teleology in the face of atomism and Empedocleanism.

Bianchi concludes by connecting her analysis to recent biological and materialist political thinking, and makes the case for a new, antiessentialist politics of aleatory feminism.

Books

“Essential Vulnerabilities: Plato and Levinas on Relations to the Other”

In Essential Vulnerabilities, Deborah Achtenberg contests Emmanuel Levinas’s idea that Plato is a philosopher of freedom for whom thought is a return to the self. Instead, Plato, like Levinas, is a philosopher of the other. Nonetheless, Achtenberg argues, Plato and Levinas are different. Though they share the view that human beings are essentially vulnerable and essentially in relation to others, they conceive human vulnerability and responsiveness differently. For Plato, when we see beautiful others, we are knocked out by the beauty of what is, by the vision of eternal form. For Levinas, we are disrupted by the newness, foreignness, or singularity of the other. The other, for him, is new or foreign, not eternal. The other is unknowable singularity. By showing these similarities and differences, Achtenberg resituates Plato in relation to Levinas and opens up two contrasting ways that self is essentially in relation to others.

Books

Comic Cure for Delusional Democracy

This book shows how the discussion which is Plato’s Republic is a comic mimetic cure for civic and psychic delusion. Plato creates such pharmaka, or noble lies, for reasons enunciated by Socrates within the discussion, but this indicates Plato must think his readers are in the position of needing the catharses such fictions produce. Socrates’ interlocutors must be like us. Since cities are like souls, and souls come to be as they are through the mimesis of desires, dreams, actions and thought patterns in the city, we should expect that political theorizing often suffers from madness as well. It does. Fendt shows how contemporary political (and psychological) theory still suffers from the same delusion Socrates’ interlocutors reveal in their discussion: a dream of autarchia called possessive individualism. Plato has good reason to think that only a mimetic, rather than a rational and philosophical, cure can work. Against many standard readings, Comic Cure for Delusional Democracy shows that the Republic itself is a defense of poetry; that kallipolis cannot be the best city and is not Socrates’ ideal; that there are six forms of regime, not five; and that the true philosopher should not be unhappy to go back down into Plato’s cave.

Books

Aristotle on Perceiving Objects

How can we explain the structure of perceptual experience? What is it that we perceive? How is it that we perceive objects and not disjoint arrays of properties? By which sense or senses do we perceive objects? Are our five senses sufficient for the perception of objects?

Aristotle investigated these questions by means of the metaphysical modeling of the unity of the perceptual faculty and the unity of experiential content. His account remains fruitful-but also challenging-even for contemporary philosophy.

This book offers a reconstruction of the six metaphysical models Aristotle offered to address these and related questions, focusing on their metaphysical underpinning in his theory of causal powers. By doing so, the book brings out what is especially valuable and even surprising about the topic: the core principles of Aristotle’s metaphysics of perception are fundamentally different from those of his metaphysics of substance. Yet, for precisely this reason, his models of perceptual content are unexplored territory. This book breaks new ground in offering an understanding of Aristotle’s metaphysics of the content of perceptual experience and of the composition of the perceptual faculty.

Books

Aristotle’s Empiricism: Experience and Mechanics in the 4th Century BC

In Aristotle’s Empiricism, Jean De Groot argues that an important part of Aristotle’s natural philosophy has remained largely unexplored. She shows that much of Aristotle’s analysis of natural movement is influenced by mathematical mechanics that emerged from late Pythagorean thought. De Groot draws upon the pseudo-Aristotelian Physical Problems XVI to reconstruct the context of mechanics of Aristotle’s time and to trace the development of kinematic thinking from Archytas to the Aristotelian Mechanics. She argues that the influence of kinematics on Aristotle pinpoints the original meaning of his concept of power, or potentiality, as a physicalistic meaning addressed to the problem of movement.
De Groot identifies epistemic features of kinematics as a scientific enterprise, including economy of explanation and direct inference to a principle. She shows how these features are woven into Aristotle’s thinking in the motion books of the Physics, On the Heavens, and Movement of Animals. The book places in doubt both the view that Aristotle’s natural philosophy codifies opinions held by convention and, alternatively, the view that the cogency of his scientific ideas depends on metaphysics.

Books

Semantik und Ontologie. Drei Studien zu Aristoteles

The focus of the book, that consists in three studies, can be described in the following aspects: Considerations on Aristotle’s universals, reconstruction of Aristotle’s critics to Plato’ s ideas in Aristotle’s lost work “On Ideas”, analysis of Aristotle’s substance in the works Categories, Metaphysics, On the Soul, Posterior Analytics, Physics. My point of view is that Aristotle refuses every aspect of Plato’s ideas in a radical way. I analyze Aristotle’s conditions for a synonymy of predication and compare them with the condition for a not-homonymy of predication in the Argument from Relatives of “On Ideas”. My reflections on substance plead for the presence of a plurality of values of substance in the works of Aristotle: substance can be, for instance, the individual biological entity (plant or animal) or the essence/nature/form of a biological entity; a co-existence of both values can be noticed in the different works of Aristotle.

Books

Aristotle on the Nature of Community

Aristotle on the Nature of Community
Adriel Trott

This reading of Aristotle’s Politics builds on the insight that the history of political philosophy is a series of configurations of nature and reason. Aristotle’s conceptualization of nature is unique because it is not opposed to or subordinated to reason. Adriel M. Trott uses Aristotle’s definition of nature as an internal source of movement to argue that he viewed community as something that arises from the activity that forms it rather than being a form imposed on individuals. Using these definitions, Trott develops readings of Aristotle’s four arguments for the naturalness of the polis, interprets deliberation and the constitution in Politics as the form and final causes of the polis, and reconsiders Aristotle’s treatment of slaves and women. Trott then argues that Aristotle is relevant for contemporary efforts to improve and encourage genuine democratic practices.

Books

Ewegen Publishes “Plato’s Cratylus: The Comedy of Language”

The APS is pleased to announce that S. Montgomery Ewegen has just published Plato’s Cratylus: The Comedy of Language with the Indiana University Press.

Congratulations, Shane.

This is so convincing a reading of Plato’s Cratylus that it may well open up discussion of the dialogue and make it much more widely studied than it is presently. —Drew A. Hyland, Trinity College

Plato’s dialogue Cratylus focuses on being and human dependence on words, or the essential truths about the human condition. Arguing that comedy is an essential part of Plato’s concept of language, S. Montgomery Ewegen asserts that understanding the comedic is key to an understanding of Plato’s deeper philosophical intentions. Ewegen shows how Plato’s view of language is bound to comedy through words and how, for Plato, philosophy has much in common with playfulness and the ridiculous. By tying words, language, and our often uneasy relationship with them to comedy, Ewegen frames a new reading of this notable Platonic dialogue.

Books

Kirkland Publishes The Ontology of Socratic Questioning

The Ontology of Socratic Questioning in Plato's Early Dialogues

UPDATE: The Ontology of Socratic Questioning has won the 2013 Symposium Book Award of the Canadian Society for Continental Philosophy. Congratulations Sean!

The APS is happy to call your attention to the appearance of Sean Kirkland’s The Ontology of Socratic Questioning in Plato’s Early Dialogues with the SUNY University Press.

This study offers an encompassing (because fundamental) re-interpretation of the philosophical project of Socrates as depicted in Plato’s early dialogues. Throughout the works generally deemed early and authentic, the author finds a fairly uniform presentation of Socratic philosophizing, but one which upon careful review requires a radical new interpretation. Indeed, departing at the most basic level from orthodox approaches to these works,The Ontology of Socratic Questioning in Plato’s Early Dialogues does greater justice to the Platonic text, often going deeply into the etymological complexities and various resonances of Plato’s Greek. And precisely in so doing, it allows these ancient works to speak illuminatingly to one of the most central philosophical issues with which we find ourselves confronted in our present historical moment—how to think philosophically beyond the subject/object relation. Over the course of these chapters, Socratic questioning proves to be aimed at the being of virtue conceived as something other than objective reality and it proves to be undertaken by a philosophizing self conceived as something other than a subject.

Please join us in congratulating Sean on this accomplishment.

Books

Schultz Publishes Plato’s Socrates as Narrator

Plato's Socrates as Narrator: A Philosophical Muse

The APS is very pleased to announce the appearance of Anne-Marie Schultz’s new book, Plato at Narrator: A Philosophical Muse, published by Lexington Books.

Jill Gordon writes of the book:

In this original work, Schultz draws our attention to the dialogues in which Plato has Socrates serve as narrator, and she opens a new window onto his role and function in the dialogues. Schultz provides rich interpretations of the individual dialogues she examines, while at the same time revealing a powerful lens through which to view Plato’s project and his use of Socratic narrative to further particular philosophical ends. In the process, she offers new insights that enhance scholars’ understanding of Socratic intellectualism, the role of the emotions in philosophical endeavors, various models of virtue portrayed in the dialogues, and Socrates’ relation to Homeric and other foundational narratives in Greek culture. In the end, Schultz offers a provocative and persuasive account of how Socrates as narrator of certain Platonic dialogues entices and exhorts his auditors—and Plato’s readers—to good philosophical practices.

Ryan Drake writes:

In Plato’s Socrates as Narrator, Dr Schultz provides an invaluable entry into reflections on the interrelations between the practice of philosophy, on the one hand, and its transmission, on the other, arguing in effect that the retelling of Socrates’ philosophical encounters as we find them in the Platonic corpus belongs to the work of philosophy itself. While Plato scholarship in recent years has become increasingly attuned to the ways in which the literary and dramatic aspects of the dialogues operate as integral to their philosophical content, Prof. Schultz takes such scholarship a step further to demonstrate how the status of particular dialogues as narrated contributes as well to a fuller understanding of Plato’s conception of philosophy. From the vantage point achieved through mediation on particular dialogues in their status as narrated encounters Prof. Schultz brings to light the character of philosophy not simply as an intellectual pursuit composed of explicit propositions, but also as a basic human comportment involving the motives, affects, and social position of specific character types. Both accessibly written and rigorously developed, Prof. Schultz’ investigations into the narrative and literary aspects of the Platonic corpus speak to the interests of advanced Plato scholars and beginning students alike.

To hear a discussion of the book with the author, listen to Digital Dialogue 60: Socratic Narrative.

Congratulations to Anne-Marie for the publication of this important book.